Chocolate Sauce » cacao

Another Cocoa Study Shows Positive Effects on Hypertension

jbchristensen — Thu, 21 Feb 2008 20:31:32 +0000

Here’s a study from The Journal of the American Medical Association that shows that cocoa, or more specifically, the polyphenols in cocoa, has a positive effect on blood pressure. It points out several important facts:

It doesn’t need to be a huge quantity of dark chocolate to have an effect
The dark chocolate must be taken regularly
It must be taken on an ongoing basis

The study was performed on a rather small population (44 individuals) with untreated prehypertension (120-139/80-89) or stage 1 hypertension (140-159/90-99) without any other risk factors. According to the study, the prevalence of hypertension decreased from 86% to 68%. The participants were given either 6.3 g of dark chocolate containing 30 mg of polyphenols or the same amount of white chocolate which contained no polyphenols for a period of 18 weeks.

The study also points out that blood nitric oxide levels increased in the test participants. Nitric oxide is what triggers the dilation of the blood vessels and reduces blood pressure.

Here’s the link to the abstract of the study:

JAMA — Abstract: Effects of Low Habitual Cocoa Intake on Blood Pressure and Bioactive Nitric Oxide: A Randomized Controlled Trial, July 4, 2007, Taubert et al. 298 (1): 49

In my opinion, the thing about eating chocolate as a “medicine” is that healthy individuals probably wouldn’t feel any different, even though the polyphenols would be of benefit. Individuals with cardiovascular disease could probably measure an improvement and may feel healthier.

I know that has been the case with me.

Pills or Food?

jbchristensen — Fri, 07 Sep 2007 22:42:23 +0000

My personal feeling has been that eating a food, as close to nature as possible, is better than taking a pill of concentrated essence of whatever. The article below lends credence to that view.

CTV.ca | Antioxidant pills don’t prevent heart disease

The study, done at Brigham & Women’s hospital, followed 8,171 women with three or more risk factors for CVD for over 9 years. Over the course of the study, the women were given either:

500 mg vitamin C or a placebo every day
600 IU vitamin E or a placebo every other day
50 mg beta carotene or a placebo every other day

The researchers found that “There were no overall effects of ascorbic acid,vitamin E, or beta carotene on cardiovascular events among womenat high risk for CVD.”

Here’s a link to the abstract of the study.

We’ve seen many studies that show antioxidants have health benefits. However, many of those studies were done in vitro, rather than in vivo. It seems that people are more complex than test tubes!

Many of the clinical trials involving cacao or dark chocolate show health benefits. My own personal experience, while anecdotal, bears out many of the findings. I still plan on posting my experience and results, but not today. One of the reasons I like minimally processed dark chocolate as a “supplement” is that it is a food, rather than a pill that someone has made by attempting to pull out the “good stuff” in the cacao (flavonoids in this case).

Here’s another article that addresses pills v. foods:

The antioxidant myth: a medical fairy tale – health – 05 August 2006 – New Scientist

Chocolate and Prevention of CVD

jbchristensen — Fri, 24 Aug 2007 17:00:37 +0000

Nutrition & Metabolism | Full text | Chocolate and Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review

I came across the study above a while ago, but am just getting around to mentioning it in this blog. This study is not primary research, but rather a review of all MEDLINE publications from 1966 through January 2005 looking for “relations between cocoa, cacao, chocolate, stearic acid, flavonoids (including flavonols, catechins, epicatechins, and procynadins) and the risk of cardiovascular disease.”

One of the things they looked at was whether or not the stearic acid content was detrimental to cardiovascular health. Stearic acid is the type of saturated fat found in cacao. The evidence suggests that it is neutral, unlike other saturated fats, which raise total cholesterol levels.

To quote the results of the study:

The body of short-term randomized feeding trials suggests cocoa and chocolate may exert beneficial effects on cardiovascular risk via effects on lowering blood pressure, anti-inflammation, anti-platelet function, higher HDL, decreased LDL oxidation. Additionally, a large body of trials of stearic acid suggests it is indeed cholesterol-neutral. However, epidemiologic studies of serum and dietary stearic acid are inconclusive due to many methodologic limitations. Meanwhile, the large body of prospective studies of flavonoids suggests the flavonoid content of chocolate may reduce risk of cardiovascular mortality. Our updated meta-analysis indicates that intake of flavonoids may lower risk of CHD mortality, RR = 0.81 (95% CI: 0.71–0.92) comparing highest and lowest tertiles.

It’s a good article. Got a lot of big words, but they do a good job of explaining and referencing the research.

I think I’ll go have some healthy dark chocolate.

Chocolate Sunscreen?

jbchristensen — Fri, 24 Aug 2007 00:16:28 +0000

Sounds kinda gross. And wow, would the sand ever stick to you at the beach! Not really:-) This article says the preliminary results of a German study show that eating chocolate rich in cocoa solids and flavonoids (in other words, dark chocolate) can fight skin cancer. Subjects were given cocoa to drink. Half the group got cocoa high in flavonoids, the other half got cocoa that tasted the same, but was much lower in the flavonoids.

All subjects were then exposed to UV light. The subjects that received the cocoa high in flavonoids did not redden as much as the other group and their skin was smoother and moister.

Here’s a link to the article:

Food for Thought: Chocolate as Sunscreen, Science News Online, June 10, 2006

Cocoa More Important than Penicillin?

jbchristensen — Mon, 20 Aug 2007 23:05:51 +0000

Norman Hollenberg, a professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School says that epicatechin, one of the flavonoids in cacao, has such powerful health benefits, it “may rival penicillin and anaesthesia in terms of importance to public health.” He thinks it is so important it should be considered a vitamin.

He has spent years studying the Kuna people in Panama, who drink large amounts of cocoa. He found that four of the five most common killer diseases in the industrialized world are significantly reduced. He attributes that reduction to the high levels of epicatechin in cocoa.

As usual, a link to the article is found below.

ScienceDaily: Cocoa ‘Vitamin’ Health Benefits Could Outshine Penicillin

Seven Steps to Fight Inflammation

jbchristensen — Mon, 20 Aug 2007 22:47:25 +0000

I subscribe to a newsletter from Harvard Medical School. The most recent issue reminds us that inflammation, while an important part of our body’s healing system, can be dangerous, if there is too much of it. Inflammation is involved in atherosclerosis, heart disease, strokes and even some types of dementia. Below is a link to the on-line version of the article.

Harvard Medical School: 7 simple steps to fend off harmful inflammation

The article lists seven dietary steps that will help fight inflammation. Quoting from the article -

Simple changes

What you eat may fan the fires of inflammation. With some small changes — no crazy new foods involved — you can douse them. Here are some suggestions:

Get an oil change. Eating a lot of saturated fats and/or trans fats is linked with higher levels of inflammation. Swap them for olive oil, which has potent anti-inflammatory properties, or polyunsaturated fats, especially omega-3 fats from fish.

Don’t be so refined. The bolus of blood sugar that accompanies a meal or snack of highly refined carbohydrates (white bread, white rice, French fries, sugar-laden soda, etc.) increases levels of inflammatory messengers called cytokines. Eating whole-grain bread, brown rice, and other whole grains smooths out the after-meal rise in blood sugar and insulin, and dampens cytokine production.

Promote produce. The more fruits and vegetables you eat, the lower the burden of inflammation. Why? They contain hundreds, perhaps thousands, of substances that squelch inflammation-rousing free radicals; some act as direct anti-inflammatory agents.

Go nuts. Adding walnuts, peanuts, almonds, and other nuts and seeds to your snacks and meals is another tasty way to ease inflammation.

Cocoa lovers rejoice? In laboratory studies, cocoa and dark chocolate slow the production of signaling molecules involved in inflammation. The trick is to get them without too much sugar and fat.

Alcohol in moderation. A drink a day seems to lower levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), a powerful signal of inflammation. Too much alcohol has the opposite effect on CRP.

Spice it up. Herbs and spices such as turmeric, ginger, garlic, basil, pepper, and many others have anti-inflammatory properties.

If you adopt an anti-inflammatory diet, you probably won’t see or feel any different. Angina won’t suddenly disappear or heart failure reverse itself. But you will be doing your heart, arteries, and the rest of you a huge favor that will pay off in many ways.

If you are interested in subscribing to the newsletter, here’s a link to the subscription form:
www.health.harvard.edu/healthbeat

Just a warning – each issue of the newsletter will hit you up to buy a report regarding the subject matter of the newsletter.

Top 10 Veggies For Antioxidants

jbchristensen — Thu, 16 Aug 2007 01:20:29 +0000

Recently I found an article on RealAge that lists the 10 top veggies for phytochemical and antioxidant content. You can find the article at the link below.

Top 10 Veggies List – RealAge Tip of the Day

From a list of the most widely consumed vegetables, the order was:

Broccoli
Spinach
Yellow onions
Red peppers
Carrots
Cabbage
Potatoes
Lettuce
Celery
Cucumbers

If you look at that list, you’ll realize that those are the 10 most widely consumed veggies. You’d probably have to eat an awful lot of cucumbers to get a useful dosage of anything other than water. The top six are pretty decent, but nowhere near the antioxidant levels in cacao.

The researchers also rated fruits for phytochemical content. Here’s how that list came out:

Cranberries
Apples
Red grapes
Strawberries
Peaches
Lemons
Pears
Bananas
Oranges
Grapefruit

My personal feeling is that one shouldn’t rely on any one source for phytochemicals or antioxidants. There are so many different kinds and many of them operate in conjunction with other food components and operate on different internal systems in our bodies. We need to make sure our diets are varied and have many sources of healthful and helpful foods.

Cacao May Stave Off Type 2 Diabetes

jbchristensen — Sat, 11 Aug 2007 06:49:55 +0000

A Japanese study, whose results were printed in the journal Nutrition, Volume 23, Issue 4, pp 351-355 concludes that “dietary supplementation with CLPr can dose-dependently prevent the development of hyperglycemia in diabetic obese mice. The dietary intake of food or drinks produced from cacao beans might be beneficial in preventing the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus.”

CLPr is cacao liquor proanthocyanidins, which are some of the flavonoids found in cacao.

It appears that CLPr may have prevented the increase of blood glucose levels in the diabetic and overweight mice used in the study.

Cocoa and the Immune System

jbchristensen — Tue, 07 Aug 2007 05:38:22 +0000

The University of Barcelona reports that rats fed a cocoa-enriched diet had “significant increases in the total antioxidant capacity in all the body tissues, particularly in the thymus.” The article can be found at the link below.

Cocoa-rich diet may boost thymus antioxidant defences

A link to the abstract is here.

The amount of cocoa that was fed to the rats was pretty high. In one group, the cocoa was 4% of the total food intake, in another group it was 10%. However, I couldn’t find if that was by weight, calorie, volume or how the percentage was measured. The results showed a correlation between the cocoa intake and the antioxidant increase in the thymus.

The thymus produces hormones used in our immune system. Of course, additional studies are necessary to see if the same effects apply to humans…

So what is the optimal intake of antioxidants for humans? Are there different kinds of antioxidants? Does it matter what kind we eat or how we get them? Wow, lots of fodder for future blogs or comments from readers. Feel free to point out some good sources of information or to leave your comments.

Dark Chocolate May be as Good for Blood Pressure as Reducing Sodium Intake

jbchristensen — Sat, 04 Aug 2007 02:59:45 +0000

Here’s an article about a German study that found that dark chocolate may have a small benefit on blood pressure.

Dark Chocolate a Comfort to Early Blood Pressure – Breaking Medical News + CME Teaching Brief® – MedPage Today

I imagine the dark chocolate that was used was still alkalized and processed. Wouldn’t it be great to find a dark chocolate that wasn’t so highly processed, thus preserving more of the flavanols and other antioxidants that provide these health benefits?